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Vistula Land〔''The name of the kingdom was changed to Vistula Land, which was reduced to a tsarist province; it lost all autonomy and separate administrative institutions''. Richard C. Frucht, Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. 2005〕〔''The name of the territory, which had been Congress Poland, was changed to the more innocuous Vistula Land. Vistula Land was administered by Russians;'' Alison Fleig Frank, Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia , 2005〕 or Vistula Country〔''The name of Poland ceased to be used by the Russian authorities, who designated the region once occupied by the kingdom as the "Vistula Country"'', John Clark Ridpath: Ridpath's History of the World: Being an Account of the Principal Events in ... 1910〕 ((ロシア語:Привислинский край), ''Privislinsky krai''; (ポーランド語:Kraj Nadwiślański)) was the name applied to the lands of the Congress Poland following the defeats of the November Uprising (1830–31) and January Uprising (1863-1864) as it was increasingly stripped of autonomy and incorporated into Imperial Russia. It also continued to be informally known as Russian Poland or the Russian partition. ==History== In 1831, in the aftermath of the November Uprising, the Polish Army, the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland, its parliament (Sejm) and local self-administration were disbanded. The constitution was replaced by the much less liberal and never fully implemented Organic Statute of the Kingdom of Poland. Also all universities were closed, only to be reopened several years later as purely Russian-language high schools. For a short time the territory maintained certain degree of autonomy. The former Kingdom of Poland continued to use the Polish currency (złoty) and the Administrative Council retained some of its privileges (although it was directly controlled by the Russian governor Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich). However, by 1832 the currency and the customs border were abolished, as was the metric system and the Polish penal code (which was replaced by the Russian penal code, ''de facto'' in use since the Uprising begun). Also the Catholic Church was persecuted and most monasteries were closed and nationalized. In 1839, following the Synod of Polotsk, the Greek-Catholic Church self-disbanded and united with the Russian Orthodox Church. After 1837 all voivodeships that constituted the Kingdom of Poland were turned into gubernias and became an integral part of Russian administrative division, ruled directly by the Russian tsars. After the January Uprising in 1863, the coat of arms of the Congress Kingdom was abandoned, the Polish language was banned from office and education and the process of incorporation of the Polish gubernias and Russification of its administration was completed. The 1867 reform, initiated after the failure of the January Uprising, was designed to tie the Kingdom of Poland more tightly to the administration structure of the Russian Empire. It divided larger governorates into smaller ones and introduced a new lower-level entity, gminas. There were 10 ''Governorates'': five on the right bank of the Vistula River—Сувалкская (Suvalkskaya), Ломжинская (Lomzhinskaya), Плоцкая (Plotskaya), Седлецкая (Sedletskaya) and Люблинская (Lublinskaya)—and the remaining five on the left bank: Калишская (Kalishskaya), Варшавская (Varshavskaya), Петроковская (Petrokovskaya), Радомская (Radomskaya) and Келецкая (Keletskaya). The coat of arms of the Kingdom of Poland was abolished at this time. Despite the semi-official abolition of the Kingdom of Poland, the tsars of Russia retained the title "Tsar of Poland". The territory was a ''namestnichestvo'' until 1875 and later Governorate General, ruled by the Namestniks and Governor Generals of Poland. In the 1880s, the official language was changed to Russian, and Polish was banned both from official use and education. The name Vistula Land first appeared in official documents in 1888〔Wojciech Bartel et al. ''Historia państwa i prawa Polski.'' Juliusz Bardach i Monika Senkowska-Gluck (ed.). T. III: od rozbiorów do uwłaszczenia. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, 1981, p. 67. ISBN 83-01-02658-8〕 although more recent scholarship traced it back to 1883.〔Andrzej Szwarc. ''Od Wielopolskiego do Stronnictwa Polityki Realnej zwolennicy ugody z Rosją, ich poglądy i próby działalności politycznej (1864-1905).'' Warszawa: Wydział Historyczny UW, 1990, pp. 208-209.〕 A minor reform of 1893 transferred some territory from the Płock and Łomża Governorates to Warsaw Governorate. A more extensive 1912 reform created a new governorate—Chełm Governorate (Kholmskaya ''Guberniya'' in Russian)—from parts of the Siedlce and Lublin Governorates. However this was split off from the Privislinsky Krai and made part of the Southwestern Krai of the Russian Empire, in order to facilitate its russification. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Vistula Land」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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